SSHD_CONFIG(5)

NAME
sshd_config - Secure shell daemon configuration file

DESCRIPTION
sshd(8) reads configuration data from /opt/local/etc/ssh/sshd_config (or the file specified with -f on the command line). The file contains keyword-argument pairs, one per line. For each keyword, the first obtained value will be used. Lines starting with ‘#’ and empty lines are interpreted as comments. Arguments may optionally be enclosed in double quotes (") in order to represent arguments containing spaces. Configuration options may be separated by whitespace or optional whitespace and exactly one ‘=’; the latter format is useful to avoid the need to quote whitespace when specifying configuration options.

The MacPorts software distribution modifies the default example file with some options which are not the default in sshd(8):

•   AcceptEnv LANG LC_*

The possible keywords and their meanings are as follows (note that keywords are case-insensitive and arguments are case-sensitive):

AcceptedAlgorithms
    Specifies the publickey algorithms as a comma-separated pattern list that will be announced to client if client supports extension negotiation mechanism. See PATTERNS in ssh_config(5) for more information on patterns. The default “*” will announce all algorithms. Note algorithms that use X.509 certificates depend from option X509KeyAlgorithm. The list of available key algorithms may also be obtained using "ssh -Q key".

AcceptEnv
    Specifies what environment variables sent by the client will be copied into the session's environ(7). See SendEnv and SetEnv in ssh_config(5) for how to configure the client. The TERM environment variable is always accepted whenever the client requests a pseudo-terminal as it is required by the protocol. Variables are specified by name, which may contain the wildcard characters ‘*’ and ‘’?. Multiple environment variables may be separated by whitespace or spread across multiple AcceptEnv directives. Be warned that some environment variables could be used to bypass restricted user environments. For this reason, care should be taken in the use of this directive. The default is not to accept any environment variables.

AddressFamily
    Specifies which address family should be used by sshd(8). Valid arguments are any (the default), inet (use IPv4 only), or inet6 (use IPv6 only).

AllowAgentForwarding
    Specifies whether ssh-agent(1) forwarding is permitted. The default is yes. Note that disabling agent forwarding does not improve security unless users are also denied shell access, as they can always install their own forwarders.

AllowedCertPurpose
    The intended use for the X.509 client certificate. Without this option no chain verification will be done. Currently accepted uses are case insensitive:
    sslclient | SSL client | SSL_client | client
        only SSL-client purpose
    any | Any Purpose | Any_Purpose | AnyPurpose
        allow any purpose
    skip | '' (empty)
        do not check purpose
    The default is sslclient.

AllowGroups
    This keyword can be followed by a list of group name patterns, separated by spaces. If specified, login is allowed only for users whose primary group or supplementary group list matches one of the patterns. Only group names are valid; a numerical group ID is not recognized. By default, login is allowed for all groups. The allow/deny groups directives are processed in the following order: DenyGroups, AllowGroups.

    See PATTERNS in ssh_config(5) for more information on patterns.

AllowStreamLocalForwarding
    Specifies whether StreamLocal (Unix-domain socket) forwarding is permitted. The available options are yes (the default) or all to allow StreamLocal forwarding, no to prevent all StreamLocal forwarding, local to allow local (from the perspective of ssh(1)) forwarding only or remote to allow remote forwarding only. Note that disabling StreamLocal forwarding does not improve security unless users are also denied shell access, as they can always install their own forwarders.

AllowTcpForwarding
    Specifies whether TCP forwarding is permitted. The available options are yes (the default) or all to allow TCP forwarding, no to prevent all TCP forwarding, local to allow local (from the perspective of ssh(1)) forwarding only or remote to allow remote forwarding only. Note that disabling TCP forwarding does not improve security unless users are also denied shell access, as they can always install their own forwarders.

AllowUsers
    This keyword can be followed by a list of user name patterns, separated by spaces. If specified, login is allowed only for user names that match one of the patterns. Only user names are valid; a numerical user ID is not recognized. By default, login is allowed for all users. If the pattern takes the form USER@HOST then USER and HOST are separately checked, restricting logins to particular users from particular hosts. HOST criteria may additionally contain addresses to match in CIDR address/masklen format. The allow/deny users directives are processed in the following order: DenyUsers, AllowUsers.

    See PATTERNS in ssh_config(5) for more information on patterns.

AuthenticationMethods
    Specifies the authentication methods that must be successfully completed for a user to be granted access. This option must be followed by one or more lists of comma-separated authentication method names, or by the single string any to indicate the default behaviour of accepting any single authentication method. If the default is overridden, then successful authentication requires completion of every method in at least one of these lists.

    For example, "publickey,password publickey,keyboard-interactive" would require the user to complete public key authentication, followed by either password or keyboard interactive authentication. Only methods that are next in one or more lists are offered at each stage, so for this example it would not be possible to attempt password or keyboard-interactive authentication before public key.

    For keyboard interactive authentication it is also possible to restrict authentication to a specific device by appending a colon followed by the device identifier bsdauth or pam. depending on the server configuration. For example, "keyboard-interactive:bsdauth" would restrict keyboard interactive authentication to the bsdauth device.

    If the publickey method is listed more than once, sshd(8) verifies that keys that have been used successfully are not reused for subsequent authentications. For example, "publickey,publickey" requires successful authentication using two different public keys.

    Note that each authentication method listed should also be explicitly enabled in the configuration.

    The available authentication methods are: "gssapi-with-mic", "hostbased", "keyboard-interactive", "none" (used for access to password-less accounts when PermitEmptyPasswords is enabled), "password" and "publickey".

AuthorizedKeysCommand
    Specifies a program to be used to look up the user's public keys. The program must be owned by root, not writable by group or others and specified by an absolute path. Arguments to AuthorizedKeysCommand accept the tokens described in the TOKENS section. If no arguments are specified then the username of the target user is used.

    The program should produce on standard output zero or more lines of authorized_keys output (see AUTHORIZED_KEYS in sshd(8)). AuthorizedKeysCommand is tried after the usual AuthorizedKeysFile files and will not be executed if a matching key is found there. By default, no AuthorizedKeysCommand is run.

AuthorizedKeysCommandUser
    Specifies the user under whose account the AuthorizedKeysCommand is run. It is recommended to use a dedicated user that has no other role on the host than running authorized keys commands. If AuthorizedKeysCommand is specified but AuthorizedKeysCommandUser is not, then sshd(8) will refuse to start.

AuthorizedKeysFile
    Specifies the file that contains the public keys used for user authentication. The format is described in the AUTHORIZED_KEYS FILE FORMAT section of sshd(8). Arguments to AuthorizedKeysFile accept the tokens described in the TOKENS section. After expansion, AuthorizedKeysFile is taken to be an absolute path or one relative to the user's home directory. Multiple files may be listed, separated by whitespace. Alternately this option may be set to none to skip checking for user keys in files. The default is ".ssh/authorized_keys .ssh/authorized_keys2".

AuthorizedPrincipalsCommand
    Specifies a program to be used to generate the list of allowed certificate principals as per AuthorizedPrincipalsFile. The program must be owned by root, not writable by group or others and specified by an absolute path. Arguments to AuthorizedPrincipalsCommand accept the tokens described in the TOKENS section. If no arguments are specified then the username of the target user is used.

    The program should produce on standard output zero or more lines of AuthorizedPrincipalsFile output. If either AuthorizedPrincipalsCommand or AuthorizedPrincipalsFile is specified, then certificates offered by the client for authentication must contain a principal that is listed. By default, no AuthorizedPrincipalsCommand is run.

AuthorizedPrincipalsCommandUser
    Specifies the user under whose account the AuthorizedPrincipalsCommand is run. It is recommended to use a dedicated user that has no other role on the host than running authorized principals commands. If AuthorizedPrincipalsCommand is specified but AuthorizedPrincipalsCommandUser is not, then sshd(8) will refuse to start.

AuthorizedPrincipalsFile
    Specifies a file that lists principal names that are accepted for certificate authentication. When using certificates signed by a key listed in TrustedUserCAKeys, this file lists names, one of which must appear in the certificate for it to be accepted for authentication. Names are listed one per line preceded by key options (as described in AUTHORIZED_KEYS FILE FORMAT in sshd(8)). Empty lines and comments starting with ‘#’ are ignored.

    Arguments to AuthorizedPrincipalsFile accept the tokens described in the TOKENS section. After expansion, AuthorizedPrincipalsFile is taken to be an absolute path or one relative to the user's home directory. The default is none, i.e. not to use a principals file – in this case, the username of the user must appear in a certificate's principals list for it to be accepted.

    Note that AuthorizedPrincipalsFile is only used when authentication proceeds using a CA listed in TrustedUserCAKeys and is not consulted for certification authorities trusted via ~/.ssh/authorized_keys, though the principals= key option offers a similar facility (see sshd(8) for details).

Banner
    The contents of the specified file are sent to the remote user before authentication is allowed. If the argument is none then no banner is displayed. By default, no banner is displayed.

CACertificateFile
    “X509 store” option: This file contain multiple certificates of certificate signers in PEM format concatenated together. The default is /opt/local/etc/ssh/ca/ca-bundle.crt.

CACertificatePath
    “X509 store” option: “Hash dir” with certificates of certificate signers. Each certificate should be stored in separate file with name [HASH].[NUMBER], where [HASH] is certificate hash value and [NUMBER] is an integer starting from zero. The default is /opt/local/etc/ssh/ca/crt.

CAldapVersion
    “X509 store” option: Specifies LDAP protocol version. The default is not specified and depend from LDAP library.

CAldapURL
    “X509 store” option: Specifies hostport and dn(distinguished name) of LDAP URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) as detailed in RFC 2255. The rest of URL is build internally. Because of options parser limitation use ‘%3D’ instead of ‘=’ ! LDAP initialization method may require URL to be escaped, i.e. use ‘%2C’ instead of ‘’, (comma). Escaped URL don't depend from LDAP initialization method.

CARevocationFile
    “X509 store” option: This file contain multiple “Certificate Revocation List” (CRL) of certificate signers in PEM format concatenated together. The default is /opt/local/etc/ssh/ca/ca-bundle.crl.

CARevocationPath
    “X509 store” option: “Hash dir” with “Certificate Revocation List” (CRL) of certificate signers. Each CRL should be stored in separate file with name [HASH].r[NUMBER], where [HASH] is CRL hash value and [NUMBER] is an integer starting from zero. The default is /opt/local/etc/ssh/ca/crl.

CASignatureAlgorithms
    Specifies which algorithms are allowed for signing of custom certificates by custom certificate authorities (CAs). The default is:

        ssh-ed25519,
        ecdsa-sha2-nistp256,ecdsa-sha2-nistp384,ecdsa-sha2-nistp521,
        rsa-sha2-512,rsa-sha2-256,ssh-rsa

    If the specified list begins with a ‘+’ character, then the specified algorithms will be appended to the default set instead of replacing them. If the specified list begins with a ‘-’ character, then the specified algorithms (including wildcards) will be removed from the default set instead of replacing them.

    Custom certificates signed using other algorithms will not be accepted for public key or host-based authentication.

ChrootDirectory
    Specifies the pathname of a directory to chroot(2) to after authentication. At session startup sshd(8) checks that all components of the pathname are root-owned directories which are not writable by any other user or group. After the chroot, sshd(8) changes the working directory to the user's home directory. Arguments to ChrootDirectory accept the tokens described in the TOKENS section.

    The ChrootDirectory must contain the necessary files and directories to support the user's session. For an interactive session this requires at least a shell, typically sh(1), and basic /dev nodes such as null(4), zero(4), stdin(4), stdout(4), stderr(4), and tty(4) devices. For file transfer sessions using SFTP no additional configuration of the environment is necessary if the in-process sftp-server is used, though sessions which use logging may require /dev/log inside the chroot directory on some operating systems (see sftp-server(8) for details).

    For safety, it is very important that the directory hierarchy be prevented from modification by other processes on the system (especially those outside the jail). Misconfiguration can lead to unsafe environments which sshd(8) cannot detect.

    The default is none, indicating not to chroot(2).

Ciphers
    Specifies the ciphers allowed. Multiple ciphers must be comma-separated. If the specified list begins with a ‘+’ character, then the specified ciphers will be appended to the default set instead of replacing them. If the specified list begins with a ‘-’ character, then the specified ciphers (including wildcards) will be removed from the default set instead of replacing them. If the specified list begins with a ‘^’ character, then the specified ciphers will be placed at the head of the default set.

    The supported ciphers are:

    3des-cbc
    aes128-cbc
    aes192-cbc
    aes256-cbc
    aes128-ctr
    aes192-ctr
    aes256-ctr
    aes128-gcm@openssh.com
    aes256-gcm@openssh.com
    chacha20-poly1305@openssh.com

    The default is:

        chacha20-poly1305@openssh.com,
        aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,
        aes128-gcm@openssh.com,aes256-gcm@openssh.com

    The list of available ciphers may also be obtained using "ssh -Q cipher".

ClientAliveCountMax
    Sets the number of client alive messages which may be sent without sshd(8) receiving any messages back from the client. If this threshold is reached while client alive messages are being sent, sshd will disconnect the client, terminating the session. It is important to note that the use of client alive messages is very different from TCPKeepAlive. The client alive messages are sent through the encrypted channel and therefore will not be spoofable. The TCP keepalive option enabled by TCPKeepAlive is spoofable. The client alive mechanism is valuable when the client or server depend on knowing when a connection has become unresponsive.

    The default value is 3. If ClientAliveInterval is set to 15, and ClientAliveCountMax is left at the default, unresponsive SSH clients will be disconnected after approximately 45 seconds. Setting a zero ClientAliveCountMax disables connection termination.

ClientAliveInterval
    Sets a timeout interval in seconds after which if no data has been received from the client, sshd(8) will send a message through the encrypted channel to request a response from the client. The default is 0, indicating that these messages will not be sent to the client.

Compression
    Specifies whether compression is enabled after the user has authenticated successfully. The argument must be yes, delayed (a legacy synonym for yes) or no. The default is yes.

DenyGroups
    This keyword can be followed by a list of group name patterns, separated by spaces. Login is disallowed for users whose primary group or supplementary group list matches one of the patterns. Only group names are valid; a numerical group ID is not recognized. By default, login is allowed for all groups. The allow/deny groups directives are processed in the following order: DenyGroups, AllowGroups.

    See PATTERNS in ssh_config(5) for more information on patterns.

DenyUsers
    This keyword can be followed by a list of user name patterns, separated by spaces. Login is disallowed for user names that match one of the patterns. Only user names are valid; a numerical user ID is not recognized. By default, login is allowed for all users. If the pattern takes the form USER@HOST then USER and HOST are separately checked, restricting logins to particular users from particular hosts. HOST criteria may additionally contain addresses to match in CIDR address/masklen format. The allow/deny users directives are processed in the following order: DenyUsers, AllowUsers.

    See PATTERNS in ssh_config(5) for more information on patterns.

DisableForwarding
    Disables all forwarding features, including X11, ssh-agent(1), TCP and StreamLocal. This option overrides all other forwarding-related options and may simplify restricted configurations.

ExposeAuthInfo
    Writes a temporary file containing a list of authentication methods and public credentials (e.g. keys) used to authenticate the user. The location of the file is exposed to the user session through the SSH_USER_AUTH environment variable. The default is no.

FingerprintHash
    Specifies the hash algorithm used when logging key fingerprints. Valid options are: md5 and sha256. The default is sha256.

ForceCommand
    Forces the execution of the command specified by ForceCommand, ignoring any command supplied by the client and ~/.ssh/rc if present. The command is invoked by using the user's login shell with the -c option. This applies to shell, command, or subsystem execution. It is most useful inside a Match block. The command originally supplied by the client is available in the SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND environment variable. Specifying a command of internal-sftp will force the use of an in-process SFTP server that requires no support files when used with ChrootDirectory. The default is none.

GatewayPorts
    Specifies whether remote hosts are allowed to connect to ports forwarded for the client. By default, sshd(8) binds remote port forwardings to the loopback address. This prevents other remote hosts from connecting to forwarded ports. GatewayPorts can be used to specify that sshd should allow remote port forwardings to bind to non-loopback addresses, thus allowing other hosts to connect. The argument may be no to force remote port forwardings to be available to the local host only, yes to force remote port forwardings to bind to the wildcard address, or clientspecified to allow the client to select the address to which the forwarding is bound. The default is no.

GSSAPIAuthentication
    Specifies whether user authentication based on GSSAPI is allowed. The default is no.

GSSAPICleanupCredentials
    Specifies whether to automatically destroy the user's credentials cache on logout. The default is yes.

GSSAPIStrictAcceptorCheck
    Determines whether to be strict about the identity of the GSSAPI acceptor a client authenticates against. If set to yes then the client must authenticate against the host service on the current hostname. If set to no then the client may authenticate against any service key stored in the machine's default store. This facility is provided to assist with operation on multi homed machines. The default is yes.

HostbasedAcceptedAlgorithms
    Option compatibility. See HostbasedAlgorithms

HostbasedAcceptedKeyTypes
    Option compatibility. See HostbasedAlgorithms

HostbasedAlgorithms
    Specifies the publickey algorithms that will be accepted in “hostbased” authentication as a comma-separated pattern list. See PATTERNS in ssh_config(5) for more information on patterns. The default “*” will allow all algorithms. Also algorithms has to be accepted by patterns of option AcceptedAlgorithms. Note algorithms that use X.509 certificates depend from option X509KeyAlgorithm. The list of available key algorithms may also be obtained using "ssh -Q key".

HostbasedAuthentication
    Specifies whether rhosts or /etc/hosts.equiv authentication together with successful public key client host authentication is allowed (host-based authentication). Also secure shell uses equavalient shosts and /opt/local/etc/ssh/shosts.equiv. The default is no.

HostbasedUsesNameFromPacketOnly
    Specifies whether or not the server will attempt to perform a reverse name lookup when matching the name in the ~/.shosts, ~/.rhosts, /etc/hosts.equiv, and /opt/local/etc/ssh/shosts.equiv files during HostbasedAuthentication. A setting of yes means that sshd(8) uses the name supplied by the client rather than attempting to resolve the name from the TCP connection itself. The default is no.

HostCertificate
    Specifies a file containing a public host certificate. The certificate's public key must match a private host key already specified by HostKey. The default behaviour of sshd(8) is not to load any certificates.

HostKey
    Specifies a file containing a private host key used by SSH. The defaults are /opt/local/etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key, /opt/local/etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key and /opt/local/etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key.

    Note that sshd(8) will refuse to use a file if it is group/world-accessible and that the HostKeyAlgorithms option restricts which of the keys are actually used by sshd(8).

    It is possible to have multiple host key files.

    For RSA, ECDSA or DSA host key file may contain X.509 certificate that match it. In addition file may contain extra X.509 certificates. Extra certificates along with certificates from X.509 store are used to build chain of certificates leading to a trusted certificate authority if required by public key algorithm format.

    It is also possible to specify public host key files instead. In this case operations on the private key will be delegated to an ssh-agent(1).

HostKeyAgent
    Identifies the UNIX-domain socket used to communicate with an agent that has access to the private host keys. If the string "SSH_AUTH_SOCK" is specified, the location of the socket will be read from the SSH_AUTH_SOCK environment variable.

HostKeyAlgorithms
    Specifies the host key algorithms that the server offers. The default “*” allows all algorithms. The list of available key algorithms may also be obtained using "ssh -Q key".

IgnoreRhosts
    Specifies whether to ignore per-user .rhosts and .shosts files during HostbasedAuthentication. The system-wide /etc/hosts.equiv and /opt/local/etc/ssh/shosts.equiv are still used regardless of this setting.

    Accepted values are yes (the default) to ignore all per-user files, rhosts-only to allow the use of .shosts but to ignore .rhosts or no to allow both .rhosts and .shosts.

IgnoreUserKnownHosts
    Specifies whether sshd(8) should ignore the user's ~/.ssh/known_hosts during HostbasedAuthentication and use only the system-wide known hosts file /opt/local/etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts. The default is “no”.

Include
    Include the specified configuration file(s). Multiple pathnames may be specified and each pathname may contain glob(7) wildcards that will be expanded and processed in lexical order. Files without absolute paths are assumed to be in /etc/ssh. An Include directive may appear inside a Match block to perform conditional inclusion.

IPQoS
    Specifies the IPv4 type-of-service or DSCP class for the connection. Accepted values are af11, af12, af13, af21, af22, af23, af31, af32, af33, af41, af42, af43, cs0, cs1, cs2, cs3, cs4, cs5, cs6, cs7, ef, le, lowdelay, throughput, reliability, a numeric value, or none to use the operating system default. This option may take one or two arguments, separated by whitespace. If one argument is specified, it is used as the packet class unconditionally. If two values are specified, the first is automatically selected for interactive sessions and the second for non-interactive sessions. The default is af21 (Low-Latency Data) for interactive sessions and cs1 (Lower Effort) for non-interactive sessions.

KbdInteractiveAuthentication
    Specifies whether to allow keyboard-interactive authentication. All authentication styles from login.conf(5) are supported. The argument to this keyword must be yes or no. The default is yes. ChallengeResponseAuthentication is a deprecated alias for this.

KerberosAuthentication
    Specifies whether the password provided by the user for PasswordAuthentication will be validated through the Kerberos KDC. To use this option, the server needs a Kerberos servtab which allows the verification of the KDC's identity. The default is no.

KerberosGetAFSToken
    If AFS is active and the user has a Kerberos 5 TGT, attempt to acquire an AFS token before accessing the user's home directory. The default is no.

KerberosOrLocalPasswd
    If password authentication through Kerberos fails then the password will be validated via any additional local mechanism such as /etc/passwd. The default is yes.

KerberosTicketCleanup
    Specifies whether to automatically destroy the user's ticket cache file on logout. The default is yes.

KexAlgorithms
    Specifies the available KEX (Key Exchange) algorithms. Multiple algorithms must be comma-separated. Alternately if the specified list begins with a ‘+’ character, then the specified algorithms will be appended to the default set instead of replacing them. If the specified list begins with a ‘-’ character, then the specified algorithms (including wildcards) will be removed from the default set instead of replacing them. If the specified list begins with a ‘^’ character, then the specified algorithms will be placed at the head of the default set. The supported algorithms are:

    curve25519-sha256
    curve25519-sha256@libssh.org
    diffie-hellman-group1-sha1
    diffie-hellman-group14-sha1
    diffie-hellman-group14-sha256
    diffie-hellman-group16-sha512
    diffie-hellman-group18-sha512
    diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1
    diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256
    ecdh-sha2-nistp256
    ecdh-sha2-nistp384
    ecdh-sha2-nistp521
    sntrup761x25519-sha512@openssh.com (if build)

    The default is:

        curve25519-sha256,curve25519-sha256@libssh.org,
        ecdh-sha2-nistp256,ecdh-sha2-nistp384,ecdh-sha2-nistp521,
        diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256,
        diffie-hellman-group16-sha512,
        diffie-hellman-group18-sha512,
        diffie-hellman-group14-sha256,
        sntrup761x25519-sha512@openssh.com,
        diffie-hellman-group14-sha1

    The list of available key exchange algorithms may also be obtained using "ssh -Q kex".

KeyAllowSelfIssued
    Specifies whether only encoded public key or X.509 certificate listed in AuthorizedKeysFile can allow self-issued X.509 certificate to be used for user authentication. The default is “no”. Unsupported if daemon is build without “X509 store”.

    A certificate (including self-issued) is accepted for user authentication if encoded public key or encoded X.509 certificate or distinguished name is listed in AuthorizedKeysFile, if is valid and if is verified by certificates from “X509 store”. See verify(1). If option is set to “yes” self-issued certificate is accepted when its public key match public key extracted from entry in AuthorizedKeysFile. In this case validity of certificate is not checked.

ListenAddress
    Specifies the local addresses sshd(8) should listen on. The following forms may be used:

    ListenAddress hostname|address [rdomain domain]
    ListenAddress hostname:port [rdomain domain]
    ListenAddress IPv4_address:port [rdomain domain]
    ListenAddress [hostname|address]:port [rdomain domain]

    The optional rdomain qualifier requests sshd(8) listen in an explicit routing domain. If port is not specified, sshd will listen on the address and all Port options specified. The default is to listen on all local addresses on the current default routing domain. Multiple ListenAddress options are permitted. For more information on routing domains, see rdomain(4).

LoginGraceTime
    The server disconnects after this time if the user has not successfully logged in. If the value is 0, there is no time limit. The default is 120 seconds.

LogLevel
    Gives the verbosity level that is used when logging messages from sshd(8). The possible values are: QUIET, FATAL, ERROR, INFO, VERBOSE, DEBUG, DEBUG1, DEBUG2, and DEBUG3. The default is INFO. DEBUG and DEBUG1 are equivalent. DEBUG2 and DEBUG3 each specify higher levels of debugging output. Logging with a DEBUG level violates the privacy of users and is not recommended.

LogVerbose
    Specify one or more overrides to LogLevel. An override consists of a pattern lists that matches the source file, function and line number to force detailed logging for. For example, an override pattern of:

        kex.c:*:1000,*:kex_exchange_identification():*,packet.c:*

    would enable detailed logging for line 1000 of kex.c, everything in the kex_exchange_identification() function, and all code in the packet.c file. This option is intended for debugging and no overrides are enabled by default.

MACs
    Specifies the available MAC (message authentication code) algorithms. The MAC algorithm is used for data integrity protection. Multiple algorithms must be comma-separated. If the specified list begins with a ‘+’ character, then the specified algorithms will be appended to the default set instead of replacing them. If the specified list begins with a ‘-’ character, then the specified algorithms (including wildcards) will be removed from the default set instead of replacing them. If the specified list begins with a ‘^’ character, then the specified algorithms will be placed at the head of the default set.

    The algorithms that contain "-etm" calculate the MAC after encryption (encrypt-then-mac). These are considered safer and their use recommended. The supported MACs are:

    hmac-md5
    hmac-md5-96
    hmac-sha1
    hmac-sha1-96
    hmac-sha2-256
    hmac-sha2-512
    umac-64@openssh.com
    umac-128@openssh.com
    hmac-md5-etm@openssh.com
    hmac-md5-96-etm@openssh.com
    hmac-sha1-etm@openssh.com
    hmac-sha1-96-etm@openssh.com
    hmac-sha2-256-etm@openssh.com
    hmac-sha2-512-etm@openssh.com
    umac-64-etm@openssh.com
    umac-128-etm@openssh.com

    The default is:

        umac-64-etm@openssh.com,umac-128-etm@openssh.com,
        hmac-sha2-256-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-512-etm@openssh.com,
        hmac-sha1-etm@openssh.com,
        umac-64@openssh.com,umac-128@openssh.com,
        hmac-sha2-256,hmac-sha2-512,hmac-sha1

    The list of available MAC algorithms may also be obtained using "ssh -Q mac".

MandatoryCRL
    “X509 store” option: Specifies whether CRL must present in store for all certificates in “certificate chain” with attribute “X509v3 CRL Distribution Points”. The default is no.

Match
    Introduces a conditional block. If all of the criteria on the Match line are satisfied, the keywords on the following lines override those set in the global section of the config file, until either another Match line or the end of the file. If a keyword appears in multiple Match blocks that are satisfied, only the first instance of the keyword is applied.

    The arguments to Match are one or more criteria-pattern pairs or the single token All which matches all criteria. The available criteria are User, Group, Host, LocalAddress, LocalPort, RDomain, and Address (with RDomain representing the rdomain(4) on which the connection was received).

    The match patterns may consist of single entries or comma-separated lists and may use the wildcard and negation operators described in the PATTERNS section of ssh_config(5).

    The patterns in an Address criteria may additionally contain addresses to match in CIDR address/masklen format, such as 192.0.2.0/24 or 2001:db8::/32. Note that the mask length provided must be consistent with the address - it is an error to specify a mask length that is too long for the address or one with bits set in this host portion of the address. For example, 192.0.2.0/33 and 192.0.2.0/8, respectively.

    Only a subset of keywords may be used on the lines following a Match keyword. Available keywords are AcceptEnv, AllowAgentForwarding, AllowGroups, AllowStreamLocalForwarding, AllowTcpForwarding, AllowUsers, AuthenticationMethods, AuthorizedKeysCommand, AuthorizedKeysCommandUser, AuthorizedKeysFile, AuthorizedPrincipalsCommand, AuthorizedPrincipalsCommandUser, AuthorizedPrincipalsFile, Banner, CASignatureAlgorithms, ChrootDirectory, ClientAliveCountMax, ClientAliveInterval, DenyGroups, DenyUsers, DisableForwarding, ExposeAuthInfo, ForceCommand, GatewayPorts, GSSAPIAuthentication, HostbasedAlgorithms, HostbasedAuthentication, HostbasedUsesNameFromPacketOnly, IgnoreRhosts, Include, IPQoS, KbdInteractiveAuthentication, KerberosAuthentication, LogLevel, MaxAuthTries, MaxSessions, PasswordAuthentication, PermitEmptyPasswords, PermitListen, PermitOpen, PermitRootLogin, PermitTTY, PermitTunnel, PermitUserRC, PubkeyAlgorithms, PubkeyAuthentication, PubkeyAuthOptions, RekeyLimit, RevokedKeys, RDomain, SetEnv, StreamLocalBindMask, StreamLocalBindUnlink, TrustedUserCAKeys, X11DisplayOffset, X11Forwarding and X11UseLocalhost.

MaxAuthTries
    Specifies the maximum number of authentication attempts permitted per connection. Once the number of failures reaches half this value, additional failures are logged. The default is 6.

MaxSessions
    Specifies the maximum number of open shell, login or subsystem (e.g. sftp) sessions permitted per network connection. Multiple sessions may be established by clients that support connection multiplexing. Setting MaxSessions to 1 will effectively disable session multiplexing, whereas setting it to 0 will prevent all shell, login and subsystem sessions while still permitting forwarding. The default is 10.

MaxStartups
    Specifies the maximum number of concurrent unauthenticated connections to the SSH daemon. Additional connections will be dropped until authentication succeeds or the LoginGraceTime expires for a connection. The default is 10:30:100.

    Alternatively, random early drop can be enabled by specifying the three colon separated values start:rate:full (e.g. "10:30:60"). sshd(8) will refuse connection attempts with a probability of rate/100 (30%) if there are currently start (10) unauthenticated connections. The probability increases linearly and all connection attempts are refused if the number of unauthenticated connections reaches full (60).

ModuliFile
    Specifies the moduli(5) file that contains the Diffie-Hellman groups used for the “diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1” and “diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256” key exchange methods. The default is /opt/local/opt/local/etc/ssh/moduli.

PasswordAuthentication
    Specifies whether password authentication is allowed. The default is yes.

PermitEmptyPasswords
    When password authentication is allowed, it specifies whether the server allows login to accounts with empty password strings. The default is no.

PermitListen
    Specifies the addresses/ports on which a remote TCP port forwarding may listen. The listen specification must be one of the following forms:

    PermitListen port
    PermitListen host:port

    Multiple permissions may be specified by separating them with whitespace. An argument of any can be used to remove all restrictions and permit any listen requests. An argument of none can be used to prohibit all listen requests. The host name may contain wildcards as described in the PATTERNS section in ssh_config(5). The wildcard ‘*’ can also be used in place of a port number to allow all ports. By default all port forwarding listen requests are permitted. Note that the GatewayPorts option may further restrict which addresses may be listened on. Note also that ssh(1) will request a listen host of “localhost” if no listen host was specifically requested, and this name is treated differently to explicit localhost addresses of “127.0.0.1” and “::1”.

PermitOpen
    Specifies the destinations to which TCP port forwarding is permitted. The forwarding specification must be one of the following forms:

    PermitOpen host:port
    PermitOpen IPv4_addr:port
    PermitOpen [IPv6_addr]:port

    Multiple forwards may be specified by separating them with whitespace. An argument of any can be used to remove all restrictions and permit any forwarding requests. An argument of none can be used to prohibit all forwarding requests. The wildcard ‘*’ can be used for host or port to allow all hosts or ports respectively. Otherwise, no pattern matching or address lookups are performed on supplied names. By default all port forwarding requests are permitted.

PermitRootLogin
    Specifies whether root can log in using ssh(1). The argument must be yes, prohibit-password, forced-commands-only, or no. The default is prohibit-password.

    If this option is set to prohibit-password (or its deprecated alias, without-password), password and keyboard-interactive authentication are disabled for root.

    If this option is set to forced-commands-only, root login with public key authentication will be allowed, but only if the command option has been specified (which may be useful for taking remote backups even if root login is normally not allowed). All other authentication methods are disabled for root.

    If this option is set to no, root is not allowed to log in.

PermitTTY
    Specifies whether pty(4) allocation is permitted. The default is yes.

PermitTunnel
    Specifies whether tun(4) device forwarding is allowed. The argument must be yes, point-to-point (layer 3), ethernet (layer 2), or no. Specifying yes permits both point-to-point and ethernet. The default is no.

    Independent of this setting, the permissions of the selected tun(4) device must allow access to the user.

PermitUserEnvironment
    Specifies whether ~/.ssh/environment and environment= options in ~/.ssh/authorized_keys are processed by sshd(8). Valid options are yes, no or a pattern-list specifying which environment variable names to accept (for example "LANG,LC_*"). The default is no. Enabling environment processing may enable users to bypass access restrictions in some configurations using mechanisms such as LD_PRELOAD.

PermitUserRC
    Specifies whether any ~/.ssh/rc file is executed. The default is yes.

PerSourceMaxStartups
    Specifies the number of unauthenticated connections allowed from a given source address, or “none” if there is no limit. This limit is applied in addition to MaxStartups, whichever is lower. The default is none.

PerSourceNetBlockSize
    Specifies the number of bits of source address that are grouped together for the purposes of applying PerSourceMaxStartups limits. Values for IPv4 and optionally IPv6 may be specified, separated by a colon. The default is 32:128, which means each address is considered individually.

PidFile
    Specifies the file that contains the process ID of the SSH daemon, or none to not write one. The default is /opt/local/var/run/sshd.pid.

Port
    Specifies the port number that sshd(8) listens on. The default is 22. Multiple options of this type are permitted. See also ListenAddress.

PrintLastLog
    Specifies whether sshd(8) should print the date and time of the last user login when a user logs in interactively. The default is yes.

PrintMotd
    Specifies whether sshd(8) should print /etc/motd when a user logs in interactively. (On some systems it is also printed by the shell, /etc/profile, or equivalent.) The default is yes.

PubkeyAcceptedAlgorithms
    Option compatibility. See PubkeyAlgorithms

PubkeyAcceptedKeyTypes
    Option compatibility. See PubkeyAlgorithms

PubkeyAlgorithms
    Specifies the publickey algorithms that will be accepted for “publickey” authentication as a comma-separated pattern list. See PATTERNS in ssh_config(5) for more information on patterns. The default * will allow all algorithms. Also algorithms has to be accepted by patterns of option AcceptedAlgorithms. Note algorithms that use X.509 certificates depend from X509KeyAlgorithm and is enough patter to match one of names set in X509KeyAlgorithm for a certain key-type to enable all from that key-type. The list of available key algorithms may also be obtained using "ssh -Q key".

PubkeyAuthentication
    Specifies whether public key authentication is allowed. The default is yes.

RDomain
    Specifies an explicit routing domain that is applied after authentication has completed. The user session, as well as any forwarded or listening IP sockets, will be bound to this rdomain(4). If the routing domain is set to %D, then the domain in which the incoming connection was received will be applied.

RekeyLimit
    Specifies the maximum amount of data that may be transmitted before the session key is renegotiated, optionally followed by a maximum amount of time that may pass before the session key is renegotiated. The first argument is specified in bytes and may have a suffix of ‘K’, ‘M’, or ‘G’ to indicate Kilobytes, Megabytes, or Gigabytes, respectively. The default is between ‘1G’ and ‘4G’, depending on the cipher. The optional second value is specified in seconds and may use any of the units documented in the TIME FORMATS section. The default value for RekeyLimit is default none, which means that rekeying is performed after the cipher's default amount of data has been sent or received and no time based rekeying is done.

RevokedKeys
    Specifies revoked public keys file, or none to not use one. Keys listed in this file will be refused for public key authentication. Note that if this file is not readable, then public key authentication will be refused for all users. Keys may be specified as a text file, listing one public key per line, or as an custom OpenSSH Key Revocation List (KRL) as generated by ssh-keygen(1). For more information on KRLs, see the KEY REVOCATION LISTS section in ssh-keygen(1).

SetEnv
    Specifies one or more environment variables to set in child sessions started by sshd(8) as “NAME=VALUE”. Variables and their contents are specified as pattern-list. Lists may be separated by whitespace or spread across multiple SetEnv directives. The environment value may be quoted (e.g. if it contains whitespace characters). Environment variables set by SetEnv override the default environment and any variables specified by the user via AcceptEnv or PermitUserEnvironment. These variables do not override variables set in child session by daemon itself. Variables set by daemon are described in ENVIRONMENT section of ssh(1).

StreamLocalBindMask
    Sets the octal file creation mode mask (umask) used when creating a Unix-domain socket file for local or remote port forwarding. This option is only used for port forwarding to a Unix-domain socket file.

    The default value is 0177, which creates a Unix-domain socket file that is readable and writable only by the owner. Note that not all operating systems honor the file mode on Unix-domain socket files.

StreamLocalBindUnlink
    Specifies whether to remove an existing Unix-domain socket file for local or remote port forwarding before creating a new one. If the socket file already exists and StreamLocalBindUnlink is not enabled, sshd will be unable to forward the port to the Unix-domain socket file. This option is only used for port forwarding to a Unix-domain socket file.

    The argument must be yes or no. The default is no.

StrictModes
    Specifies whether sshd(8) should check file modes and ownership of the user's files and home directory before accepting login. This is normally desirable because novices sometimes accidentally leave their directory or files world-writable. The default is yes. Note that this does not apply to ChrootDirectory, whose permissions and ownership are checked unconditionally.

Subsystem
    Configures an external subsystem (e.g. file transfer daemon). Arguments should be a subsystem name and a command (with optional arguments) to execute upon subsystem request.

    The command sftp-server implements the SFTP file transfer subsystem.

    Alternately the name internal-sftp implements an in-process SFTP server. This may simplify configurations using ChrootDirectory to force a different filesystem root on clients.

    By default no subsystems are defined.

SyslogFacility
    Gives the facility code that is used when logging messages from sshd(8). The possible values are: DAEMON, USER, AUTH, LOCAL0, LOCAL1, LOCAL2, LOCAL3, LOCAL4, LOCAL5, LOCAL6, LOCAL7. The default is AUTH.

TCPKeepAlive
    Specifies whether the system should send TCP keepalive messages to the other side. If they are sent, death of the connection or crash of one of the machines will be properly noticed. However, this means that connections will die if the route is down temporarily, and some people find it annoying. On the other hand, if TCP keepalives are not sent, sessions may hang indefinitely on the server, leaving "ghost" users and consuming server resources.

    The default is yes (to send TCP keepalive messages), and the server will notice if the network goes down or the client host crashes. This avoids infinitely hanging sessions.

    To disable TCP keepalive messages, the value should be set to no.

TrustedUserCAKeys
    Specifies a file containing public keys of certificate authorities that are trusted to sign user certificates for authentication, or none to not use one. Keys are listed one per line; empty lines and comments starting with ‘#’ are allowed. If a certificate is presented for authentication and has its signing CA key listed in this file, then it may be used for authentication for any user listed in the certificate's principals list. Note that certificates that lack a list of principals will not be permitted for authentication using TrustedUserCAKeys. For more details on certificates, see the CERTIFICATES section in ssh-keygen(1).

UseDNS
    Specifies whether sshd(8) should look up the remote host name, and to check that the resolved host name for the remote IP address maps back to the very same IP address.

    If this option is set to no (the default) then only addresses and not host names may be used in ~/.ssh/authorized_keys from and sshd_config Match Host directives.

UsePAM
    Enables the Pluggable Authentication Module interface. If set to yes this will enable PAM authentication using KbdInteractiveAuthentication and PasswordAuthentication in addition to PAM account and session module processing for all authentication types.

    Because PAM keyboard-interactive authentication usually serves an equivalent role to password authentication, you should disable either PasswordAuthentication or KbdInteractiveAuthentication.

    If UsePAM is enabled, you will not be able to run sshd(8) as a non-root user. The default is no.

UsePrivilegeSeparation
    Specifies whether sshd(8) separates privileges by creating an unprivileged child process to deal with incoming network traffic. After successful authentication, another process will be created that has the privilege of the authenticated user. The goal of privilege separation is to prevent privilege escalation by containing any corruption within the unprivileged processes. The argument must be yes, no, or sandbox. If UsePrivilegeSeparation is set to sandbox then the pre-authentication unprivileged process is subject to additional restrictions. The default is sandbox.

VACertificateFile
    File with X.509 certificates in PEM format concatenated together. In use when VAType is set to ocspspec. The default value is ‘’ (empty). Certificates from that file explicitly trust ‘OCSP Responder’ public key. They are used as trusted certificates in addition to certificates from CACertificateFile and CACertificatePath to verify responder certificate.

ValidateFirst
    Specifies whether first to perform validation of X.509 certificate and then authorization of public key. Process is applicable for x509v3-* public key algorithms. The default is no, i.e. first key is authorized and then X.509 certificate is validated.

VAOCSPResponderURL
    ‘Access Location’ / ‘OCSP Service Locator’ URL of the OCSP provider. In use when VAType is set to ocspspec.

VAType
    Specifies whether ‘Online Certificate Status Protocol’ (OCSP) is used to validate X.509 certificates. Accepted values are case insensitive:
    none
        do not use OCSP to validate certificates;
    ocspcert
        validate only certificates that specify ‘OCSP Service Locator’ URL;
    ocspspec
        use specified in the configuration ‘OCSP Responder’ to validate all certificates.
    The default is none.

VersionAddendum
    Optionally specifies additional text to append to the SSH protocol banner sent by the server upon connection. The default is none.

X11DisplayOffset
    Specifies the first display number available for sshd(8)'s X11 forwarding. This prevents sshd from interfering with real X11 servers. The default is 10.

X11Forwarding
    Specifies whether X11 forwarding is permitted. The argument must be yes or no. The default is no.

    When X11 forwarding is enabled, there may be additional exposure to the server and to client displays if the sshd(8) proxy display is configured to listen on the wildcard address (see X11UseLocalhost), though this is not the default. Additionally, the authentication spoofing and authentication data verification and substitution occur on the client side. The security risk of using X11 forwarding is that the client's X11 display server may be exposed to attack when the SSH client requests forwarding (see the warnings for ForwardX11 in ssh_config(5)). A system administrator may have a stance in which they want to protect clients that may expose themselves to attack by unwittingly requesting X11 forwarding, which can warrant a no setting.

    Note that disabling X11 forwarding does not prevent users from forwarding X11 traffic, as users can always install their own forwarders.

X11UseLocalhost
    Specifies whether sshd(8) should bind the X11 forwarding server to the loopback address or to the wildcard address. By default, sshd binds the forwarding server to the loopback address and sets the hostname part of the DISPLAY environment variable to localhost. This prevents remote hosts from connecting to the proxy display. However, some older X11 clients may not function with this configuration. X11UseLocalhost may be set to no to specify that the forwarding server should be bound to the wildcard address. The argument must be yes or no. The default is yes.

X509KeyAlgorithm
    Specifies how X.509 certificates and signatures are encoded. It is possible to have multiple algorithms in form specified in X509 Key Algorithms Format. Programs use the first listed for ECDSA, RSA, or DSA key in signing and accept all listed.

    The default for certificates with ECDSA keys is:
    X509KeyAlgorithm x509v3-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256,ssh-sha256,ecdsa-sha2-nistp256
    X509KeyAlgorithm x509v3-ecdsa-sha2-nistp384,ssh-sha384,ecdsa-sha2-nistp384
    X509KeyAlgorithm x509v3-ecdsa-sha2-nistp521,ssh-sha512,ecdsa-sha2-nistp521

    The default for certificates with RSA key is:
    X509KeyAlgorithm x509v3-rsa2048-sha256,rsa2048-sha256,rsa2048-sha256
    X509KeyAlgorithm x509v3-ssh-rsa,rsa-sha1,ssh-rsa
    X509KeyAlgorithm x509v3-sign-rsa,rsa-sha1
    X509KeyAlgorithm x509v3-sign-rsa,rsa-md5

    The default for certificates with DSA key is:
    X509KeyAlgorithm x509v3-ssh-dss,dss-raw,ssh-dss
    X509KeyAlgorithm x509v3-sign-dss,dss-asn1
    X509KeyAlgorithm x509v3-sign-dss,dss-raw

    Note for EC curves nistp256, nistp384, and nistp521 correspond crypto(3) library curves prime256v1, secp384r1, and secp521r1. Support of EC curves depend from library version. See ecparam(1) to find how to list curves supported by library.

XAuthLocation
    Specifies the full pathname of the xauth(1) program, or none to not use one. The default is undefined.

TIME FORMATS
sshd(8) command-line arguments and configuration file options that specify time may be expressed using a sequence of the form: time[qualifier], where time is a positive integer value and qualifier is one of the following:

<none>
    seconds
s | S
    seconds
m | M
    minutes
h | H
    hours
d | D
    days
w | W
    weeks

Each member of the sequence is added together to calculate the total time value.

Time format examples:

600 600 seconds (10 minutes)
10m 10 minutes
1h30m
    1 hour 30 minutes (90 minutes)

TOKENS
Arguments to some keywords can make use of tokens, which are expanded at runtime:

%%  A literal ‘%’.
%D  The routing domain in which the incoming connection was received.
%F  The fingerprint of the CA key.
%f  The fingerprint of the key or certificate.
%h  The home directory of the user.
%i  The key ID in the certificate.
%K  The base64-encoded CA key.
%k  The base64-encoded key or certificate for authentication.
%s  The serial number of the certificate.
%T  The type of the CA key.
%t  The key or certificate type.
%U  The numeric user ID of the target user.
%u  The username.

AuthorizedKeysCommand accepts the tokens %%, %f, %h, %k, %t, %U, and %u.

AuthorizedKeysFile accepts the tokens %%, %h, %U, and %u.

AuthorizedPrincipalsCommand accepts the tokens %%, %F, %f, %h, %i, %K, %k, %s, %T, %t, %U, and %u.

AuthorizedPrincipalsFile accepts the tokens %%, %h, %U, and %u.

ChrootDirectory accepts the tokens %%, %h, %U, and %u.

RoutingDomain accepts the token %D.

X509 Key Algorithms Format
sshd command-line arguments and configuration file options that specify ‘X509 Key Algorithms’ expressed using a sequence of the form: algorithm-name,digest-name [,signature-identifier], where algorithm-name is name of public key algorithm, digest-name is
rsa-sha1
    : RSA key and signature using the SHA-1 hash;
rsa-md5
    : RSA key and signature using the MD5 hash;
rsa2048-sha256
    : RSA key and signature using the SHA-256 hash as specified in “RFC 6187”;
dss-asn1
    : DSA key and signature as specified in “RFC 3279”;
dss-raw
    : DSA key and signature in “ssh-dss” format as specified in “RFC 4253”.
ssh-sha256
ssh-sha384
ssh-sha512
    : ECDSA key and signature as specified in “RFC 6187”.
and optional signature-identifier. When signature-identifier is omitted algorithm-name is used as identifier.

For compatibility with old versions following signatures are supported:
sha256
sha384
sha512
    : ECDSA key and signature encoded using ASN.1 notation.
Daemon sshd(8) and client ssh(1) switch automatically to those signatures if is detected old version.

FILES

/opt/local/etc/ssh/sshd_config
    Contains configuration data for sshd(8). This file should be writable by root only, but it is recommended (though not necessary) that it be world-readable.

SEE ALSO
sftp-server(8), sshd(8)

AUTHORS
-nosplit PKIX-SSH is a derivative of the original and free ssh 1.2.12 release by Tatu Ylonen. Aaron Campbell, Bob Beck, Markus Friedl, Niels Provos, Theo de Raadt and Dug Song removed many bugs, re-added newer features and created OpenSSH. Markus Friedl contributed the support for SSH protocol versions 1.5 and 2.0. Niels Provos and Markus Friedl contributed support for privilege separation. Roumen Petrov contributed support for X.509 certificates.