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# Git submodules

This is an aspirational document that describes how jj will support Git submodules. Readers are assumed to have some familiarity with Git and Git submodules.

This document is a work in progress; submodules are a big feature, and relevant details will be filled in incrementally.

## Objective

This proposal aims to replicate the workflows users are used to with Git submodules, e.g.:

- Cloning submodules
- Making new submodule commits and updating the superproject
- Fetching and pushing updates to the submodule's remote
- Viewing submodule history

When it is convenient, this proposal will also aim to make submodules easier to use than Git's implementation.

### Non-goals

- Non-Git 'submodules' (e.g. native jj submodules, other VCSes)
- Non-Git backends (e.g. Google internal backend)
- Changing how Git submodules are implemented in Git

## Background

We mainly want to support Git submodules for feature parity, since Git submodules are a standard feature in Git and are popular enough that we have received user requests for them. Secondarily (and distantly so), Git submodules are notoriously difficult to use, so there is an opportunity to improve the UX over Git's implementation.

### Intro to Git Submodules

Git submodules are a feature of Git that allow a repository (submodule) to be embedded inside another repository (the superproject). Notably, a submodule is a full repository, complete with its own index, object store and ref store. It can be interacted with like any other repository, regardless of the superproject.

In a superproject commit, submodule information is captured in two places:

- A `gitlink` entry in the commit's tree, where the value of the `gitlink` entry is the submodule commit id. This tells Git what to populate in the working tree.

- A top level `.gitmodules` file. This file is in Git's config syntax and entries take the form `submodule.<submodule-name>.*`. These include many settings about the submodules, but most importantly:

  - `submodule<submodule-name>.path` contains the path from the root of the tree to the `gitlink` being described.

  - `submodule<submodule-name>.url` contains the url to clone the submodule from.

In the working tree, Git notices the presence of a submodule by the `.git` entry (signifying the root of a Git repository working tree). This is either the submodule's actual Git directory (an "old-form" submodule), or a `.git` file pointing to `<superproject-git-directory>/modules/<submodule-name>`. The latter is sometimes called the "absorbed form", and is Git's preferred mode of operation.

## Roadmap

Git submodules should be implemented in an order that supports an increasing set of workflows, with the goal of getting feedback early and often. When support is incomplete, jj should not crash, but instead provide fallback behavior and warn the user where needed.

The goal is to land good support for pure Jujutsu workspaces, while colocated workspaces will be supported when convenient.

This section should be treated as a set of guidelines, not a strict order of work.

### Phase 1: Readonly submodules

This includes work that inspects submodule contents but does not create new objects in the submodule. This requires a way to store submodules in a jj repository that supports readonly operations.

#### Outcomes

- Submodules can be cloned anew
- New submodule commits can be fetched
- Submodule history and branches can be viewed
- Submodule contents are populated in the working copy
- Superproject gitlink can be updated to an existing submodule commit
- Conflicts in the superproject gitlink can be resolved to an existing submodule commit

### Phase 2: Snapshotting new changes

This allows a user to write new contents to a submodule and its remote.

#### Outcomes

- Changes in the working copy can be recorded in a submodule commit
- Submodule branches can be modified
- Submodules and their branches can be pushed to their remote

### Phase 3: Merging/rebasing/conflicts

This allows merging and rebasing of superproject commits in a content-aware way (in contrast to Git, where only the gitlink commit ids are compared), as well as workflows that make resolving conflicts easy and sensible.

This can be done in tandem with Phase 2, but will likely require a significant amount of design work on its own.

#### Outcomes

- Merged/rebased submodules result in merged/rebased working copy content
- Merged/rebased working copy content can be committed, possibly by creating sensible merged/rebased submodule commits
- Merge/rebase between submodule and non-submodule gives a sensible result
- Merge/rebase between submodule A and submodule B gives a sensible result

### Phase ?: An ideal world

I.e. outcomes we would like to see if there were no constraints whatsoever.

- Rewriting submodule commits rewrites descendants correctly and updates superproject gitlinks.
- Submodule conflicts automatically resolve to the 'correct' submodule commits, e.g. a merge between superproject commits creating a merge of the submodule commits.
- Nested submodules are as easy to work with as non-nested submodules.
- The operation log captures changes in the submodule.

## Design

### Guiding principles

TODO

### Storing submodules

Possible approaches under discussion. See ./git-submodule-storage.md.

### Snapshotting new submodule changes

TODO

### Merging/rebasing with submodules

TODO